In the periodic table out of all the elements nickel is the critical metal that is magnetic at the standard temperature. Some other magnetic elements present in the periodic table are iron, cobalt and gadolinium etc. nickel has face centered cubic structure with 0.352nm lattice parameter and 0.124 nm atomic radii. Nickel's Curie temperature is 355 degree Celsius. Curie temperature is that temperature above which an element losses its magnetic property. According to chemistry nickel is classified as a metal with great toughness and ductility and the nickel sheet is manufactured to provide these speculate properties.
Nickel is the metal with atomic number 28 has double electronic arrangements. First is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 and second is 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 3d9. Both arrangements have almost similar energy. The observed difference must be regarded as the minimum energy arrangement. In the chemistry course books the electronic arrangement of nickel is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 that is equal to 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2. The 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 arrangement is according to madelung energy ordering law which says that the filling of 4s must be preferred than 3d because 4s has less energy than 3d.
At dissimilar energies a collection of states appears due to the above electronic arrangements. Then there is an overlapping two collections of energies as well as the mean energy of states with electronic arrangement 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 is greater than the states of mean energy with electronic arrangement 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d9. Due to this the ground state arrangement of nickel is regarded as 4s1 3d9 by the quotation marks of the examine journalism on atomic estimations. Natural nickel has 5 steady isotopes that are 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni. 58Ni is one of the most plentiful isotopes and has 68.077% plenty in nature. 62Ni has greater binding energy than both 56Fe and 58Fe, however usually 56Fe is referred to be the most stable mistakenly, but since 56Fe has less binding energy than that of 62Ni, hence 62Ni is the most stable nucleus than that of all accessible constituents. There are 18 radioisotopes that are identified among of which the highly stable isotope of nickel is 59Ni such that it has half life period of 76,000 years. On the other side the half life period of 63Ni is 100.1 years. The least half life period is 6.077 days of 56Ni. So 56Ni is an unstable isotope of nickel. Other isotopes of nickel has half life periods of even less than sixty hours and most of them have half life periods even less than 30 seconds.
The nickel metal is widely used in the manufacturing of stainless steel and joint. The addition of nickel and steel provide additional firmness to nickel steel alloy. For example invar is a combination of nickel and steel. This alloy offers lower coefficient of thermal expansion and widely used in making pendulums and meter scales since it doesn't show change in its configuration with the change in temperature. Nickel has become the popular element and introduced in the industry in the nickel wire, sheet, bar and rod forms.